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Analysis of Clinical Case Reports on Immune-Related Encephalitis Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Received date: 2024-11-14
Revised date: 2025-08-26
Accepted date: 2025-12-03
Online published: 2025-12-17
Objective： By summarizing and analyzing the baseline characteristics， occurrence time， clinical symptoms， laboratory test results and treatment outcomes of patients with immune-related encephalitis， to provide reference for the identification and treatment of immune-related encephalitis in clinical work.Methods： Search Chinese literature databases such as CNKI， Wanfang and VIP， as well as English literature databases such as PubMed， Embase and ScienceDirect， collect the literature reports on immune-related encephalitis caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors （including cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 inhibitors， programmed death receptor-1 inhibitors and programmed death ligand 1 inhibitors ） from the databases and analyzed the obtained data.Results： A total of 72 cases of immune-related encephalitis were collected. The analysis results show that the incidence of immune-related encephalitis is higher in patients over 65 years old and those who use two kinds of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The median occurrence time was 87 days. Laboratory tests indicated an increase in the number of leukocytes and protein numbers in the cerebrospinal fluid， the imaging features were mainly abnormal enhancement， and the electroencephalogram features were mainly diffuse slow wave. 50 patients had improved symptoms after active treatment， and 18 patients died.Conclusion： Immune-related encephalitis is a rare neurological adverse reaction， with inconsistent clinical manifestations and high mortality. Immune-related encephalitis has different onset times， making it difficult to be identified in time. If considered to be immune-related encephalitis， glucocorticoids or immunosuppressants should be used as early as possible. It is necessary to pay close attention to the outcome of neurological symptoms of the patients， and actively adjust the treatment plan.
LI Man, SHI Qingfang, GAO Jun, YANG Jun'e
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Analysis of Clinical Case Reports on Immune-Related
Encephalitis Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
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