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中国医药导刊 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (11): 1154-1154-1159.doi: magtech.2024.12.23-00004

• 研究进展 • 上一篇    下一篇

地塞米松预防老年患者术后谵妄的研究进展

袁源, 武兵兵, 汪惠文   

  1. 解放军联勤保障部队第九四〇医院麻醉科,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23 修回日期:2025-06-04 接受日期:2025-11-15 出版日期:2025-11-28 发布日期:2025-12-24
  • 基金资助:

Research Progress on the Prevention of Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients by Dexamethasone

YUAN Yuan, WU Bingbing, WANG Huiwen   

  1. Department of Anesthesiology the 940th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force Gansu Lanzhou 730050, China
  • Received:2024-12-23 Revised:2025-06-04 Accepted:2025-11-15 Online:2025-11-28 Published:2025-12-24

摘要:

术后谵妄(POD)是老年患者围术期高发的急性神经认知障碍,以注意力缺陷、意识波动及行为异常为特征,显著增加远期认知衰退风险及医疗负担。其核心危险因素包括高龄(>65岁)、术前认知功能下降及复杂手术类型,病理机制涉及神经炎症级联反应、脑血流动力学紊乱、神经内分泌失调等多系统交互作用。地塞米松(DEX)作为强效糖皮质激素,通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路介导的神经炎症、调节HPA轴功能、重塑胆碱能-多巴胺能平衡及改善代谢紊乱等机制,展现出降低POD风险的潜力。临床研究表明,其疗效受给药途径、剂量及遗传背景的显著影响。当前争议集中于疗效评估工具的敏感性、手术类型对药物应答的异质性及长期神经安全性问题。本研究从DEX预防老年患者POD方面进行综述,以期为临床研究提供参考。未来需结合基因导向的个体化治疗、多靶点联合干预(如联用褪黑素或非甾体抗炎药)及动态监测技术,以优化风险-获益平衡,推动围术期管理向精准化和系统化发展。

 

关键词: 地塞米松, 术后谵妄, 机制, 预防策略

Abstract:

Postoperative delirium POD is a prevalent acute neurocognitive disorder in elderly patients during the perioperative period characterized by attention deficits fluctuating consciousness and behavioral abnormalities which significantly increases the risk of long-term cognitive decline and healthcare burden. Key risk factors include advanced age > 65 years), preoperative cognitive impairment and complex surgery. The pathological mechanisms involve multi-system interactions such as neuroinflammatory cascades cerebral hemodynamic disturbances and neuroendocrine dysregulation. Dexamethasone a potent glucocorticoid demonstrates potential for mitigating POD risk through mechanisms including suppression of neuroinflammation by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway modulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HPA axis function restoration of cholinergic-dopaminergic balance and improvement of metabolic homeostasis. Clinical studies indicate that its efficacy is significantly influenced by administration routes dosage and genetic background. Current controversies center on the sensitivity of assessment tools heterogeneity in drug response across surgical types and long-term neurological safety. This review focuses on the preventive effect of DEX against POD in elderly patients aiming to provide references for clinical research. Future research should integrate gene-guided personalized therapies multi-target combination therapies e.g. co-administration with melatonin or NSAIDs), and dynamic monitoring technologies to optimize risk-benefit balance and advance perioperative management toward precision and systematization.


Key words: Dexamethasone , Postoperative delirium , Mechanism , Prevention strategy

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